The topic of this paper is the evaluation of QoS parameters in live Pre-Wimax environments. The main contribution is the validation of an analytical delay-jitter behavior model. These models can be used in optimization algorithms in order to provide opportunistic and reliable all-IP networks. It allows understanding the impact of the jitter constraints on the throughput and packet loss in wireless systems. However, we show that the real-time QoS requirements of real-time and interactive services can be avoided to a large degree by controlling only the packet delay-jitter in a fixed and mobile environment. The QoS metrics have been computed from live measurements in a Pre-Wimax realistic environment (Toulouse/Blagnac Airport).

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has defined the concept of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which corresponds to the set of systems allowing to perform satellite-based navigation while fulfilling ICAO requirements. The US Global Positioning Sysem (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system which constitutes one of the components of the GNSS. Currently, this system broadcasts a civil signal, called L1 C/A, within an Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services (ARNS) band. The GPS is being modernized and will broadcast two new civil signals: L2C (not in an ARNS band) and L5 in another ARNS band. Galileo is the European counterpart of GPS. It will broadcast three signals in an ARNS band: Galileo E1 OS (Open Service) will be transmitted in the GPS L1 frequency band and Galileo E5a and E5b will be broadcasted in the same 960-1215 MHz ARNS band than that of GPS L5. GPS L5 and Galileo E1, E5a, E5b components are expected to provide operational benefits for civil aviation use. However, civil aviation requirements are very stringent and up to now, the bare systems alone cannot be used as a means of navigation. For instance, the GPS standalone does not implement sufficient integrity monitoring. Therefore, in order to ensure the levels of performance required by civil aviation in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity of service and availability, ICAO standards define different systems/algorithms to augment the basic constellations. GPS, Galileo and the augmentation systems could be combined to comply with the ICAO requirements and complete the lack of GPS or Galileo standalone performance. In order to take benefits of new GNSS signals, and to provide the service level required by the ICAO, the architecture of future combined GNSS receivers must be standardized. The European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) Working Group 62, which is in charge of Galileo standardization for civil aviation in Europe, proposes new combined receivers architectures, in coordination with the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA). The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the efforts made by the WG 62 by providing inputs necessary to build future receivers architecture to take benefits of GPS, Galileo and augmentation systems. In this report, we propose some key elements of the combined receivers’ architecture to comply with approach phases of flight requirements. In case of perturbation preventing one of the needed GNSS components to meet a phase of flight required performance, it is necessary to be able to switch to another available component in order to try to maintain if possible the level of performance in terms of continuity, integrity, availability and accuracy. That is why future combined receivers must be capable of detecting the impact of perturbations that may lead to the loss of one GNSS component, in order to be able to initiate a switch. These perturbations are mainly atmospheric disturbances, interferences and multipath. In this thesis we focus on the particular cases of interferences and ionosphere perturbations. The interferences are among the most feared events in civil aviation use of GNSS. Detection, estimation and removal of the effect of interference on GNSS signals remain open issues and may affect pseudorange measurements accuracy, as well as integrity, continuity and availability of these measurements. In literature, many different interference detection algorithms have been proposed, at the receiver antenna level, at the front-end level. Detection within tracking loops is not widely studied to our knowledge. That is why, in this thesis, we address the problem of interference detection at the correlators outputs. The particular case of CW interferences detection on the GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1 OS signals processing is proposed. Nominal dual frequency measurements provide a good estimation of ionospheric delay. In addition, the combination of GPS or GALILEO navigation signals processing at the receiver level is expected to provide important improvements for civil aviation. It could, potentially with augmentations, provide better accuracy and availability of ionospheric correction measurements. Indeed, GPS users will be able to combine GPS L1 and L5 frequencies, and future GALILEO E1 and E5 signals will bring their contribution. However, if affected by a Radio Frequency Interference, a receiver can lose one or more frequencies leading to the use of only one frequency to estimate the ionospheric code delay. Therefore, it is felt by the authors as an important task to investigate techniques aimed at sustaining multi-frequency performance when a multi constellation receiver installed in an aircraft is suddenly affected by radiofrequency interference, during critical phases of flight. This problem is identified for instance in [NATS, 2003]. Consequently, in this thesis, we investigate techniques to maintain dual frequency performances when a frequency is lost (L1 C/A or E1 OS for instance) after an interference occurrence.

The SARGOS Project aims to satisfy the strong emerging need to improve safety for the civilian offshore infrastructures, sensitive to the actions conducted by spite, piracy or terrorism on sea. SARGOS brings a new and innovative answer in this field of maritime security. A special care is taken to comply with the infrastructures operational constraints and the contractual and legislative rules. The innovative part of the project is mainly the global approach used, based on three levels: a) The level of a safe detection of a small size marine object, in a small range protection area, with rough sea, using innovative CW radar waveforms improved by new efficient signal processing algorithms b) The level of construction of a response plan facing a detected intrusion, taking into account the progressive improvement of the knowledge and the kind of detected object defined by its characterisation attributes. The acquisition process allows appropriate responses taking into account the crisis situation. (Platform safety rules, geopolitical environment and legal aspects). c) The managing level of the variety of non-lethal response means, either internal to the offshore platform (safety mode), or external to reply to the menace (injunction, intimidation or activation of authorised means) and broadcast the alert to the local authorities.

For national/international organisms, it is of utmost importance to own a communication mean over a wide zone able to connect, upon request, potentially dispersed users. To ensure the security of people even in areas difficult to access, to have at one’s disposal a system able to work even if surrounded by jamming stations. A satellite system with a direct radiating array (DRA) associated with a digital beamforming network (DBFN) and a space-time-position radio resource management allows to achieve these objectives thanks to a spatial division multiple access (SDMA). SDMA is the combination of a flexible resource allocation and adaptive beamforming. Given spatial constraints, low complexity and low sample support beamformers are required to use a SDMA strategy in order to allow an efficient use of frequency resources. The conditions to use such algorithms that are needed for a SDMA strategy are determined given the encountered operational context. SDMA benefits quantification shows that in peacetime the spectral efficiency and therefore the link rates are increased, while in a jammered environment, SDMA provides the ability to maintain some links that would be lost without the adaptive beamforming.

Attenuation of ultrasonic waves is often assumed linear with respect to frequency in biological applications whereas it is considered quadratic when the propagation occurs in the atmosphere or the water. In the latter case, other studies show that a Gaussian propagation duration can explain this attenuation behavior and provide a model for the energy loss in the stationary limit. The present paper defines an equivalent random propagation duration with Cauchy distribution, which is appropriate for the propagation of ultrasound through tissue. The model adds an unobserved noise that represents the signal deterioration. In addition, the model agrees with the mode downshift in the case of a narrowband signal.

The present paper decomposes the study of wake vortex's scattering characteristics into three key problems. Based on the study of these three problems in detail, we obtained the scattering characteristics of the wake vortex, which include the frequency characteristic of RCS, the radiation pattern, the relation between RCS and the detection range, and the time evolution characteristic of RCS. Research findings can provide supports for the development of radar detection technology on wake vortex.

Considering the emergence of telemedicine applications, different links such as fixed access network (PSTN), mobile access network (GSM/GPRS and future UMTS) or satellite interfacing (DVB-RCS technology) are involved in e-health applications. These are liable to induce errors and/or missing packets on the received data. Therefore the recovering of missing samples for biomedical signals is of great interest. This paper proposes a reconstruction method for ECG signals which is a combination of a left-sided and right-sided autoregressive (AR) model, and the well-known Gerchberg-Papoulis (GP) method. The proposed interpolation algorithm takes into account the samples before and after the missing ones to estimate a forward and a backward AR model. These estimates are used as an initialization of the original GP method. Results show that this interpolation method represents a really suitable technique to ECG reconstruction in a possible corrupted transmission.

Routers-assisted congestion control protocols, also known as Explicit Rate Notification (ERN) protocols, implement complex algorithms inside a router in order to provide both high link utilization and high fairness. Thus, routers assisted approaches overcome most of the end-to-end protocols problems in large bandwidth-delay product networks. Today, routers-assisted protocols cannot be deployed in heterogeneous networks (e.g., Internet) due to their non-compliance with current network protocols. Nevertheless, these approaches can be deployed in satellite networks in the context of splitting PEPs. In this work, as routers-assisted protocols can use TCP algorithms to enable reliability, we aim at understanding and providing a detailed view of the impact of such algorithms on the performance obtained by routers-assisted protocols over satellite links. In particular, we both study XCP and P-XCP proposals over long delay, lossy and asymmetric links and propose a ns-2 implementation of the P-XCP protocol to the satellite community. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first one which tackles the impact of TCP internal mechanisms on top of XCP protocol. Our main conclusion is that TCP New Reno Slow But Steady variant on top of P-XCP is to date, the most optimal configuration for satellite proxies.

Packet loss due to misrouted or delayed packets in voice over IP leads to huge voice quality degradation. This paper presents a packet loss concealement algorithm which is inde pendant from the vocoder. This method relies on hidden Marko v model (HMM). A new voicing parameter is introduced to get ove r voiced/unvoiced sound separation and use a unique HMM. Since best parameter for prediction are not necessarily the best ones for synthesis, we introduce two separate vectors: the first one dedicated to the analysis of the signal and the second one featured for the synthesis of missing part. Performances of the proposed system are evaluated on parts of well-known speech corpora, leading to promising results.

This paper studies a new unmixing algorithm for hyperspectral images. Each pixel of the image is modeled as a linear combination of endmembers which are supposed to be random in order to model uncertainties regarding their knowledge. More precisely, endmembers are modeled as Gaussian vectors with known means (resulting from an endmember extraction algorithm such as the famous N-FINDR or VCA algorithm). This paper proposes to estimate the mixture coefficients (referred to as abundances) using a Bayesian algorithm. Suitable priors are assigned to the abundances in order to satisfy positivity and additivity constraints whereas a conjugate prior is chosen for the variance. The computational complexity of the resulting Bayesian estimators is alleviated by constructing an hybrid Gibbs algorithm to generate abundance and variance samples distributed according to the posterior distribution of the unknown parameters. The associated hyperparameter is also generated. The performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated thanks to simulation results conducted on synthetic and real images.