Remote sensing images are commonly used to monitor the Earth surface evolution. This surveillance can be conducted by detecting changes between images acquired at different times and possibly by different kinds of sensors. A representative case is when an optical image of a given area is available and a new image is acquired in an emergency situation (resulting from a natural disaster for instance) by a radar satellite. In such a case, images with heterogeneous properties have to be compared for change detection. This paper proposes a new approach for similarity measurement between images acquired by heterogeneous sensors. The approach exploits the considered sensor physical properties and specially the associated measurement noise models and local joint distributions. These properties are inferred through manifold learning. The resulting similarity measure has been successfully applied to detect changes between many kinds of images, including pairs of optical images and pairs of optical-radar images.

Les systèmes de télécommunications par satellite en orbite géostationnaire ont récemment connu un regain d'intérêt, du fait de la très large couverture offerte, ainsi que de leur capacité importante. Cependant, la gestion des ressources fréquentielles dans ces systèmes est particulièrement complexe, du fait de deux phénomènes décorrélés : d'une par la dépendance de la qualité du lien aux conditions météorologiques, d'autre part la diversité des applications utilisées dans le système, et le caractère très dynamique de la demande des utilisateurs. Nous présentons ici une méthode optimale d'allocation de ressources, explicitant les compromis faits entre demande et conditions météorologiques.

Les codes LDPC ont été vite préférés aux turbo codes dans de nombreux standards (DVB-S2, DVB-T2, WI-MAX, Wimedia 1.5 UWB, G.hn, …) pour leurs très bonnes performances. Les codes LDPC basés sur des protographes bénéficient de plusieurs avantages d'un point de vue design et implémentation. L'évaluation des énumérateurs de poids (IOWE) est importante pour prédire les performances dans la region “error floor”. En revanche, leur calcul devient vite très complexe avec les grandes longueurs de code. Pour ce, Shadi Abu Surra a stipulé une conjecture qui permet de simplifier cette énumération. Dans cette présentation, on présentera les différentes méthodes proposées dans la littérature pour le calcul des IOWE, on donnera une preuve de la conjecture d'Abu Surra et on proposera une nouvelle méthode qui permet de diminuer considérablement la complexité de calcul avec une dégradation des résultats arbitrairement petite.

Satellite communications can provide fourth generation (4G) networks with large-scale coverage. However, their integration to 4G is challenging because satellite networks have not been designed with handover in mind. The setup of satellite links takes time, and so, handovers must be anticipated long before. This paper proposes a generic scheme based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.21 standard to optimize handover and resource management in hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks. Our solution, namely optimized handover and resource management (OHRM), uses the terrestrial interface to prepare handover, which greatly speeds up the establishment of the satellite link. We propose two mechanisms to minimize the waste of bandwidth due to wrong handover predictions. First, we leverage the support of 802.21 in the terrestrial access network to shorten the path of the signaling messages towards the satellite resource manager. Second, we cancel the restoration of the satellite resources when the terrestrial link rolls back. We use OHRM to interconnect a digital video broadcasting and a wireless 4G terrestrial network. However for the simulation tool, we use a WiMAX as the terrestrial technology to illustrate the schemes. The simulation results show that OHRM minimizes the handover delay and the signaling overhead in the terrestrial and satellite networks.

The unprecedented success of wireless telecommunication systems has resulted in the wireless spectrum becoming a scarce resource. At the same time, extensive measurements conducted in the early 2000’s have shown that a significant part of the licensed spectrum, for instance that dedicated to TV broadcast services, is under-utilized. Cognitive Radio systems have been proposed as the enabling technology allowing unlicensed equipments, referred to as secondary users, to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum when not in use by the licensed users, referred to as primary users. Obviously, changing decades-old policies on spectrum access in the civilian and military domain will not happen overnight and many issues, technological and legal, will have to be ironed out first. However, the fundamental principle that we expect to underlie all solutions is that of access while doing no harm – secondary users should not interfere with primary users. The focus of this thesis is on heterogeneous tactical networks deploying cognitive radios in parts or in their entirety. Such networks can be organized in multiple sub-networks, each characterized by a specific topology, medium access scheme and spectrum access policy. As a result, providing end-to-end Quality of Service guarantees in terms of bandwidth, delay and jitter, emerges as a key challenge. We first address the admission control in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. We show that for this type of networks there is no algorithm capable of estimating the available end-to-end bandwidth in a distributed fashion. Therefore, we fill the gap by introducing a polynomial time algorithm that lands itself to a distributed implementation. Then, we focus on routing and propose a new metric that takes into account the specifics of such networks. Using empirical data from a USRP testbed we show that ETX, the de facto standard metric for wireless networks, fails in the cognitive radio context. Therefore, we revisit ETX by considering the effects of primary user activity and the implications of the principle of access while doing no harm. Finally, as quality of service requirements can be expressed using multiple metrics, we turn our attention to multi-constrained quality of service routing. With the underlying problem being NP-complete, we review the proposed heuristics and approximation algorithms. Our research reveals a trade-off between utilizing theoretically-proven but computably expensive algorithms and solutions that are fast but have poor worstcase bounds. To test the feasibility of solving multi-constrained routing in practice, we implement on a real testbed low complexity algorithms that extend the Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm. We show that these algorithms can be incorporated in link state routing protocols, such as OSPF and OLSR. While these solutions suffer from poor worst-case performance bounds, in practice, they lead to satisfactory results when compared to exact but non tractable solutions.

The unprecedented success of wireless telecommunication systems has resulted in the wireless spectrum becoming a scarce resource. At the same time, extensive measurements conducted in the early 2000’s have shown that a significant part of the licensed spectrum, for instance that dedicated to TV broadcast services, is under-utilized. Cognitive Radio systems have been proposed as the enabling technology allowing unlicensed equipments, referred to as secondary users, to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum when not in use by the licensed users, referred to as primary users. Obviously, changing decades-old policies on spectrum access in the civilian and military domain will not happen overnight and many issues, technological and legal, will have to be ironed out first. However, the fundamental principle that we expect to underlie all solutions is that of access while doing no harm – secondary users should not interfere with primary users. The focus of this thesis is on heterogeneous tactical networks deploying cognitive radios in parts or in their entirety. Such networks can be organized in multiple sub-networks, each characterized by a specific topology, medium access scheme and spectrum access policy. As a result, providing end-to-end Quality of Service guarantees in terms of bandwidth, delay and jitter, emerges as a key challenge. We first address the admission control in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. We show that for this type of networks there is no algorithm capable of estimating the available end-to-end bandwidth in a distributed fashion. Therefore, we fill the gap by introducing a polynomial time algorithm that lands itself to a distributed implementation. Then, we focus on routing and propose a new metric that takes into account the specifics of such networks. Using empirical data from a USRP testbed we show that ETX, the de facto standard metric for wireless networks, fails in the cognitive radio context. Therefore, we revisit ETX by considering the effects of primary user activity and the implications of the principle of access while doing no harm. Finally, as quality of service requirements can be expressed using multiple metrics, we turn our attention to multi-constrained quality of service routing. With the underlying problem being NP-complete, we review the proposed heuristics and approximation algorithms. Our research reveals a trade-off between utilizing theoretically-proven but computably expensive algorithms and solutions that are fast but have poor worstcase bounds. To test the feasibility of solving multi-constrained routing in practice,we implement on a real testbed low complexity algorithms that extend the Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm. We show that these algorithms can be incorporated in link state routing protocols, such as OSPF and OLSR. While these solutions suffer from poor worst-case performance bounds, in practice, they lead to satisfactory results when compared to exact but non tractable solutions.

Delay/Doppler altimetry (DDA) aims at reducing the measurement noise and increasing the along-track resolution in comparison with conventional pulse-limited altimetry. In a previous paper, we have proposed a semi-analytical model for DDA, which considers some simplifications as the absence of mispointing antenna. This paper first proposes a new analytical expression for the flat surface impulse response (FSIR), considering antenna mispointing angles, a circular antenna pattern, no vertical speed effect, and uniform scattering. The 2-D delay/Doppler map is then obtained by a numerical computation of the convolution between the proposed analytical function, the probability density function of the heights of the specular scatterers, and the time/frequency point target response of the radar. The approximations used to obtain the semi-analytical model are analyzed, and the associated errors are quantified by analytical bounds for these errors. The second contribution of this paper concerns the estimation of the parameters associated with the multilook semi-analytical model. Two estimation strategies based on the least squares procedure are proposed. The proposed model and algorithms are validated on both synthetic and real waveforms. The obtained results are very promising and show the accuracy of this generalized model with respect to the previous model assuming zero antenna mispointing.

We consider the problem of estimating the absolute phase of a noisy signal when this latter consists of correlated dual-frequency measurements. This scenario may arise in many application areas such as global navigation satellite system (GNSS). In this paper, we assume a slow varying phase and propose accordingly a Bayesian filtering technique that makes use of the frequency diversity. More specifically, the method results from a variational Bayes approximation and belongs to the class of nonlinear filters. Numerical simulations are performed to assess the performance of the tracking technique especially in terms of mean square error and cycle-slip rate. Comparison with a more conventional approach, namely a Gaussian sum estimator, shows substantial improvements when the signal-to-noise ratio and/or the correlation of the measurements are low.

In this paper, we assess the potential of several forms of the postcoherent differential detectors for the detection of weak Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals. We analyze in detail two different detector forms, namely the pairwise differential (PWD) and noncoherent differential (NCDD) detectors. First, we follow a novel approach to obtain analytic expressions to characterize statistically the PWD detector. Then, we use these results to propose a polynomial-like model fitted by simulation to the sensitivity loss experienced by the differential operation with respect to coherent summing. This sensitivity loss formulai s also used to characterize the NCDD detector, shown to be more adequate than the PWD for the acquisition of GNSS signals. A comparison between the PWD, NCDD and the traditional noncoherent detector (NCD) is also carried in this study. The results highlight the superior performance of the NCDD over the NCD for the acquisition of weak signals. For the case of the PWD, its performance is sensitive to Doppler shift. The conclusions drawn from the simulation results are confirmed in the acquisition of real GPS L1 C/A signals.